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To characterize the alleles in their flies, Morgan’s crew devised a system that’s totally different from the one we’ve used to symbolize alleles in Mendelian crosses. In Morgan’s system, the genotype of a black-bodied, vestigial winged fly is symbolized as b b vg vg. Cross that fly with a black-bodied fly (genotype b b). A testcross is a cross with an organism that has the recessive phenotype. Because there are 4 gametes, predicting the outcome of a dihybrid cross (BbEe x BbEe) requires a 4 x four Punnett sq., and leads to a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes within the offspring. We saw how you should use the FOIL algorithm (First, Outside, Inside, Last) to determine how a dihybrid father or mother with a genotype like BbEe can produce, by means of unbiased assortment, 4 doable combos of alleles in its gametes: BE, Be, bE, and be. If, after producing many offspring, not one of the offspring are grey-bodied, you can be sure that your gray-bodied mum or dad was homozygous.

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